computer evolution

  

1.0 COMPUTER HISTORY

•  computer is a programmable that :

                      + receives input          

                      + stores and manipulates data      

                      + provides output in a useful format

• the first electronic computer were developed in the mid-20th century (1940-1945)
• originally,they were the size of a large room,consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computer(PCs)
• modern computer based on integted circuit  more capable than early machines,and occupy a fraction of the space
• simple computer are small enough to fit into mobile devices and can be powered by a small battery.

1.1 BASIC COMPONENT OF COMPUTER

        1.1.1 HARDWARE

                                               "PART IN THE COMPUTER IS"

                            

           1.1.2 SOFTWARE

• SYSTEM SOFTWARE :

operating system : The programs that coordinate computer resource,provide the interface between user and  computer and also run application.

 example for the system software...

1)Windows NT                      2)Windows 98                          3)Windows Vista

              

utilities : perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.

 example for utilities...

1) Disk Defragmenter                  

      

2) System Back Up

                                                                                      4) Utilities  

     3) Utilities                                
                                            

• Application software :

basic application  : wide used in nearly all career areas.(example : find information in the internet )

specialized application  : program that more narrowly in discipline and accupation

for example use for :

    1) graphic                                       2) multimedia                         3) audio

             

                   4) video                                            5) artifial intelligent

                              




   1.1.3 SYSTEM UNIT,INPUT / OUTPUT , SECONDARY STORAGE

• System Unit :

       ~ a base unit or main body of desktop computer
       ~ expansion cards that are plugged into motherboard,such as video and network card
  
         @  TV CARD                                                  @ VGA CARD
                                

•  Input device :

        ~ translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that computer can process.

• Output device :

        ~ translate the processed information frrom the computer into the form that humans can understand.

               ***( input devices by [ keyboard ] and [ mouse ])***
                                           

•  Secondary storage

         ~ hold data and programs even after alectical power to computer system has been turned off.
        
        example :

            @ hard disk                                                                            
                                                                           @ solid state storage            
                                   

                                                                  @ optical disk
                                                          
                                                    



1.2  STANDALONE AND NETWORD COMPUTER


  standalone computer  : a computer that used on its own without requiring a connection to ~

• local area netword(LAN) : 

       (means) ~ is commmonly abbreviated as a network of computer only cover a small are,such as campus

• wide area netword(WAN) :

        (means)  ~ is commmonly abbreviated as a network in a city in high speed data transfer,which connect   various locations,such as office.

@ "advantages" of connecting computers in a LAN

1. Workstation can share peripheral devices like printer
2. Workstation do not necessary to buy own hard disk or CD-ROM.
3. User can save their word centrally on the network file server."that means they can retrieve their work from any wordstation on the network and no need go the same workstation again"
4. Easily to communicate with each other and transfer data.

@ "disadvantages" of connecting computer in a LAN 

1. Special security measures are needed to stop users from using programs and data that they should not have access to.
2. Network are difficult to set up and need to maintained by skilled technicians.
3. If the server develop a serious fault,all the users are affected.
4. Viruses spread easily.

@ "advantages" of connecting computers in WAN

1. Can connecting to a local network with other local network,so in one location they can communicate with each other in other location.
2. more fast and big connecting. 
3. can connecting to LAN

@ "disadvantages" of connecting computer in a WAN

1. More expensive and net more anergyto connecting.
2. If the server develop a serious fault,all the users are affected.

1.3  OPERATING SYSTEM AND COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE

• OPERATING SYSTEM : Is the infrastructure software compeonent of a computer system,

             **it is responsible for the ~ management and coordination of activities

                                                      ~ sharing of the limited resources of the computers.

                 

            **the operating system acts as a host for application that are run on the machine.

 type of "operating system":

Linux() and UNIX(multi user multi tasking)

  : Linux and Unix is a set that can optimize the use of the system komputer.

                   
      function for this is : 

• control 
• scheduling and coordinating computer operations 
• make the transition tocomputer hardware.

Microsoft Windows 

      : is sopport by NTFS(network transaction file sharing),that means this NTFS is the only file system which the operating system can be installed on.

   
      function for this is :

• application that allows many UNIX and Linux to interact with Microsoft as a network server or client.

Mac OS X

     : has facilities to read and write FAT, NTFS(network transaction file sharing),UDF(Universal Disk Format) and other file system ,but cannot be installed to them.

• APPLICATION SOFTWARE : Is any that function and is operated by means of a computer with purpose of supporting or improving software.

 type of "Application software":

~word Processing Software~

  :enables the user to create and edit documents.

example for this type of software is:

1)MS-Word

2) WordPad

3)notepad

 ~Database Software~
   : Is a  structured colecction of data and software allows the users to store and retrieve data from databates.a computer database relies on database software to organize the data and enable the database users to achieve database operations.

example for this type of software is:

1)Oracle                   
2)MSAcess              

~Spreadsheet Software~

 : allows users to perform calculations.They simulate paper worksheets by displaying multiple cells that make up a grid.It is also allows users to perform calculation.

example for this type of software is:

1)excel
2)apple numbers

~Multimedia Software~

 : to users to create and play audio and video media and also capable of playing media files.

example for this type of software is: 

1) Real Players
2)Media Players 

~Presention Software~

: is used to display information in the form of a slide show is known as presentation software.

Function :      @ namely
                     @ editing that allows insertion formatting of text
                     @ method to include graphics in the text and function of executing slide.

example for this type of software is: 


1) Microsoft PowerPoint

2.Microsoft Windows

~(means)~ a work that can prosessing software package.Its can a type a letter or  a report or other about document.

Basic Features in the MS WORD.

The features in word canmake your work easier,make yuor documents moreattaractive and enable you to more efficienstly.This microsoft work lesson teaches you how to:

·         Open a file

·         Cut and paste

·         Copy and paste

·         Use the clipboard

·         Create auto text

·         Use spell check

·         Find and replace

·         Change the fort size

·         Change the font

·         Save your file

·         Type,backspace, and delete

·         Insert and overtype

·         Bold,italicize,and underline

·         Save a file and close word

** if you want to know one by one about this! You can found that at this webside ** :

1.      http://office.microsoft.com    or

2.      http://www.webopedia.com   or

3.      http://en.wikipedia.org      or  another that..”just type and search”..

Formatting Paragraphs and Working with Styles.

When you type the information into ms word every time you will be press the enter key cof create a new paragraph.rigth.but now,went you use the styles,it will be quickly to make a paragraph.for example: by applying a style,you can set the font,set the forn size,and align a paragraph all at once.another that,you also will be learn about :

·         Open a blank document

·         Add sample text

·         Add space before or after pparagraphs

·         Change line spacing

·         Indent paragraphs

·         Align paragraphs

·         Create ahanging indent

·         Choose a style set

·         Apply a style

·         Change style sets

** if you want to know one by one about this! You can found that at this webside ** :

1.      http://office.microsoft.com    or

2.      http://www.webopedia.com   or

3.      http://en.wikipedia.org      or  another that..”just type and search”..

Adding Bullets And Numbers,Undoing And Redoing,Stteing Page Layouts And Printing Documents.

This is part of up sentences:

·         Add bullet and numbers

·         Undo and redo

·         Set the orientation

·         Set the page size

·         Set the margins

·         Add page numbers

·         Insert page breaks

·         Preview and print document.

** if you want to know one by one about this! You can found that at this webside ** :

1.      http://office.microsoft.com    or

2.      http://www.webopedia.com   or

3.      http://en.wikipedia.org      or  another that..”just type and search”

 

3.microsoft excel

In this MS EXCEL you also can have more advantages : for example..

·         This ms can do a column or row

·         Can calculate the value and use the formule (http://www.baycongroup.com/excel2007/02_excel.htm)

·         Can make a craph (http://www.baycongroup.com/excel2007/04_excel.htm)

This is exampe for asignment that we have done befere..

• Open the PROGRAMME MS EXCEL by click on the :

Ø  START  →  all programmes →  MS Office Starter  →  MS Excel Starter 2010

The table as shown below :

Ø  Hightlight row 1 to 10 and column A to F:

                                I.            Click the :

                 borders  →  all border

                              II.            The table as shown below.

Ø  In row 1 :

                               I.            Hightlight the row 1,column A to F then,click
                                                         merge &     center

                              II.            Type BELIAN BARANG KEPERLUAN & LEKAPAN DAN LENGKAPAN by using the:

Capital Latter  →   Center Text.

                            III.            The table as shown below:

Column A,row 4 to 9:

             I.            type ITEM,KERTAS A4,MARKER (1 KOTAK),PEN (1 KOTAK),RAK KERTAS,RING FAIL

            II.        Hightlight the row A then: pull column        to      size widht : 16.86(123 pixels)

            III.            The table as shown below:

Ø  COLUMN B  to E,

                                I.            Row 4

                              II.            Type HARGA BELIAN (SEUNIT), HARGA JUALAN (SEUNIT),PERATUS  KEUNTUNGAN (%),KUANTITI,DAN JUMLAH BELIAN.

                         III.            click ENTER then,click on the harga belian(seunit) and then click Wrap Tap

                           IV.            by using same step to harga jualan(seunit),peratus keuntungan (%),kuantiti and jumlah belian

                            V.            then click  top align  and  center .

                           VI.            Hightlight the column B to E then:

pull column    to   size widht : 13.86(102 pixels)

                         the table as shown below:

Ø COLUMN B

                     I.        Clic :

               Accounting Number Format   →  $ English (U.S)

                     II.            Type 8.50 then press ENTER and automatically the symbol ($) will shown.

                    III.            using the same step for the 7.10 to 3.20

                    IV.            the table as shown below:

Ø Column C

                                I.            do the same step by using the:

accounting number format    →   $ English (U.S)

                              II.            the table as shown below:

Ø COLUMN E

                                I.            ROW 5 TO 9

                              II.            Type  the word 100,30,100,50,30

                            III.            the table as shown below :

Ø Row 12 and column A to E

                                I.            Click Merge & center  then highligth click Align Text Left

                              II.            type “sila dapatkan nilai peratus keuntungan (%) di atas dengan menggunakan formula”   

and

Ø  Row 14 and 15,column B and C

                                           I.            use the formula for the calculation.

Formula:   (harga jualan-harga belian)x 100

Harga belian

                                         II.            The table as shown below:

Ø  Row 5 to 9 COLUMN D

                                           I.            calculation :

kertas A4 : =sum((C5-B5)/B5)*100

MARKER (1 KOTAK) : =SUM((C6-B6)/B6)*100

PEN (1KOTAK) : =SUM((C7-B7)/B7)*100

RAK KERTAS : =SUM((C8-B8)/B8)*100

RING FAIL : =SUM((C9-B9)/B9)*100

Ø  Row 17,column A to E

                                           I.            Highligth and  click Merge & Center

                                         II.            TYPE “Seterusnya dapatkan nilai jumlah belian menggunakan formula”

                                       III.            then highligth click Align Text Left

                                       IV.            The table as shown below:

Ø  Row 19,column b and c:

                                                        I.            highligth and click merge & center

                                                      II.            type formule :    harga belian x(*) kuantiti

                   The table as shown below:

Ø  Row 5 to 9  COLUMN F

        I.            calculation :

·         kertas A4 : =SUM(B5*E5)

      II.            the table as shown below :

Ø  After that for :

·         MARKER (1 KOTAK) : (B6*E6)

·         PEN ( 1 KOTAK) : (B7*E7)

·         RAK KERTAS : (B8*E8)

·         RING FAIL : (B9*E9)

        I.            By using attract (auto fill options).

      II.            The table as shown below :

Chart :

    I.        Hightlight column A and C while press Ctrl

      II.            Click  INSERT  →  column  →  Clustered Column but,

    III.            For the title chart just type at the on chart by due click.

    IV.            The table as shown below:

4.microsoft powerpoint

Means : is a closer source commercial persentation program develop by Microsoft.It is part of the Microsoft office suite,and runs in microsoft windows and apple mac Os X operating system.
in this Ms Powerpoint,you can do everthing that you want.you can make a video or sound or slide or everthing.
 As you can see or make you more understand about this,you can see our asignment that we have dane before :

1. this is first step for type and take a picture then put back.

2.afterthat this is example for make a table at the powerpoint :

3.afterthat this is example for make a chart and mixed with table at this microsoft:

4.this is the last slide for make a picture at the our slide :

Conclusion : as we can see,the microsf powerpoint can make everthing it just up to you,if you want make a graph or table or pic or video,you can do that.and this also is the perfect choose for make a presentation.

5.INTERNET :

•  HISTORY

        ~ began in the early 1960s throuht "ARPAnet"

        ~ "ARPAnet" is a project that gotthe us goverment to establish the cost pf computer network in the four       pilotuniversities :

                         @ university of California

                         @ university of Utah
                         @ university of California Santa Barbara
                         @ university of Standard
        ~ internet also operates using by "2 protocols" :
                1) TCP (Transfer Control Protocols)
                2) IP (Internet Protocols)

• DEFINITION

       ~ is a network of computers that are connected globally that allow internet users to exchange information and also data.
      ~ can comunication systems data
      ~ an infrastructure consisting of hardware and software that connect computers in network.
so,internet is the thing that can always connecting with each connecting in this global.

                                               **HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)**

DEFINITION : 

• means how the message formate and sent and what will hapend to the Web server and pelayar went this situation hapend.
• is a set of rules for transferring the file or video or voice or another multimedia file.
• is a protocol application suite that runs on TCP (Transfer Control Protocols) and IP (Internet Protocols)

(that means file can contain references to other files that selection the result in additional transfer requests)

~ Stateless HTTP prototcol called for each command executed independently,without knowledge of the commands that came before it.

                                                  **WWW(World Wide Web)**


HISROTY :


 @ is a program that was found by Tim Berners Lee in 1991.
 @ first began to be developed in the European particle physics research center (CERN)

DEFINITION : 

• a network that is used by global identifiers called uniform resource identifier (URI) to identify other sources.

FUNCTION :

     ~ Prepare the detail and information for users
     ~ key for the detail title

                                   **SEARCH ENGINE**

~(means)~ a specially designed web engine to find information on the World Wide Web.
              ~ information obtained can be made ​​in the form of web, images, information and other than that.

~ "how search engines process" :

      1) Web Crawling : 
              is a computer program that browses the world wide web in a methodical,automated manner or
              in orderly fashion. 

      2) Index : 
            is collects,parses and stores data to facilities fast and accurate information retrieval.this also
          incorporates interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics,cognititve psychology and computer science.  

      3) Search :  
            is a query that a user enters into web search engine to satisfy his or her information ned.This also a 
            distinctive in that they are unstructured and often ambiguous. 


                           **DOMAIN**

~(means)~ is an identification label that defines a real of administrative autonomy,authority, or control in the

                 internet.


~ Domain names aree also hostnames  that identify  IP (internet protocol) resources such as web sites.
~ domain names are formed by the rules and procedure of the DNS (Domain name system)
~part of domain names have two or more than that and they are separated by a"point".

     (right)                                                                           

• is a THE LEVEL DOMAIN                         

• for example ( www.wikipedia.org is org)

   (left)

• is a SUBDIVISION OR SUBDOMAIN.
• for example ( wikipedia.org is for subdomain for org and www.wikipedia.org is for subdomain for wikipedia.org)

"user of domain" :

* provide IP addresses for each host name, and list of mail exchange servers that accept mail for each
    domain.
*  used in various networking context
*  application specific naming
*  addressing purposes
*  as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource.
     (exmple: in the SIP (session initiation protocol))

* Domain keys used to verity DNS domains in Email systems and in many other
    URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers.)